OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system is a software system that served to make the control and management of hardware and basic system operations, including running software applications such as word processing programs and web browsers. 

In general, the Operating System software is the first layer that is placed on a computer's memory when the computer starts. While other software run after the operating system is running, and the operating system will do a common core services for the software it. The common core services such as access to disks, memory management, task scheduling, and user interface. So that each software no longer need to perform the tasks of the common core, as it can be served and performed by the operating system. A section of code that perform tasks and common core is called the "kernel" of a Operating System.

The duties and functions of the operating system in a computer system are:

1. Managing Program

Today the computer becomes an excellent tool because the computer is able to handle multiple jobs at once. This is in accordance with the wishes of the average computer programs using many applications at once. The use of resources to handle the application program is handled by the operating system. The operating system allows an application program continues to run even though no other application programs are impaired (error).

2. Managing Memory

Memory capacity (Random Access Memory / RAM) is very limited. Suppose all the RAM capacity has been used to run an application program but computer users will be running another application program. The computer will use a portion of hard disk capacity to run additional applications of this program. The transfer of the workload from the RAM to the hard disk performed by the operating system.

2. Provides User Interface (UI)

The operating system provides a means that can be used by computer users. These tools are used to govern computer. For example, when we use the Windows XP operating system. This operating system provides a user interface in the form of symbols, images, or icons. These icons or images we click so that the computer can perform tasks according to our wishes.

Operating systems generally consist of several parts:

1. Boot mechanism, namely to put the kernel into memory kernel, the kernel can be said as the core of the operating system.

2. Command Interpreter or shell, served to read the input of commands and provides several standard functions and basic functions that can be called by an application / program maupub other software. Examples of Shell is: Command Prompt in Windows XP (DOS in Windows 98), XTerm and Konsole in Machine Linux (Unix).

3. Driver to interact with the hardware while controlling the performance of the hardware.

4. Resource Allocator. Operating system responsible for managing and allocating the resources of the device.

5. Handler. Handler role in controlling the system in order to avoid mistakes (errors) and use resources that are not necessary.

Operating systems had been developed which can be divided into four generations.

1. Early Generation

The early development of the Operating System is still done manually in the sense not appear any Operating System that automatically means that do not support the service work that can be done in one series.

2. Second Generation

In this generation has been the introduction of perkejaan that can be done in one series or commonly referred to Proccessing Batch System.

3. Third Generation

In the third generation, operating system already supports Multi-User, Multi-Programming and Batch Proccessing System (Multi-Task).

4. Fourth Generation

In this period, already diperkenankannya GUI (Graphical User Interface) which means that the Operating System has the look and capitalize mouse, End-Users can run applications / porgram or software.

In the next generation operating system that is being introduced in an operating system, this is an example of an operating system based websites that work in an Operating System. And next-generation mobile operating system was introduced on mobile devices such as PDAs, Pocket PCs, and so forth. Also introduced in the next generation network operating system technology virtual character, so in one network only 1 piece of the Operating System installed on the device which served as Server. In addition, also introduced Cross Platform Operating System, which means it can combine two different operating systems such as Linux and Windows.

Today, almost all human beings have a PC and Mobile PC. Due to the price factor that is always changing and the human need for automated devices such as a PC, the man makes the PC as a primary need. Along with the development of PC technology was made compact so can be used as automation tool that moves (Can be used anytime, anywhere and by anyone). Examples of mobile PCs are: Laptop, Notebook and Netbook, these devices also have a third operating system like a PC. And now it's time we discussed the Operating System on PC.

The operating system on PC

WINDOWS

Windows is the operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation that uses the interface-based GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Windows originally stems from Ms-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a text-based Operating Systems and Command-Line interpreter. The first version of Windows, Windows Graphic Environmnet 1.0 is software that works on 16-bit architecture and is not an operating system and running on MS-DOS, so to run it require MS-DOS. MS-DOS itself was actually created by the computer manufacturer Seattle Computer Products, and only then recruited by Microsoft which subsequently purchased a license.

Later developed into the first version of the Windows 1.0 operating system in the world Operating System-based GUI (Graphical User Interface) and supports Multi-Tasking or can manage numerous tasks simultaneously. Once it develops Windows 1.0 to Windows 2.0, Windows 2.0-based GUI and supports the use of VGA (Video Graphics Array) and also supports Multi-Tasking. Windows 2.0 also support against the use of the Intel 80286 processor which Intel 80286 processor is the first processor with the ability to protect the memory area.

Then proceed with the generation of Windows 3.0 that Windows 3.0 has the same ability with previous Windows and added support SVGA or XGA graphics card and also a better icon. In that era, Microsoft also provides a SDK (software development kit) so that software developers can develop applications / program to be able to run on Windows 3.0. Windows 3.0 also introduces the Virtual Device Driver (VXD) which can be useful to minimize dependence on any specific hardware drivers. Windows 3.0 and then evolved into Windows 3.1 that have been introduced with multimedia features and True Type Font besides also facilitate the End-User for the Drag and Drop feature of Windows version 3 and eventually evolved into the Operating System that is already familiar with networking (Windows 3.11).

Having grown long enough eventually Microsoft introduced a hybrid operating system 16-Bit / 32-Bit known as Windows 95. Many of the changes from previous versions of Windows, namely Windows 95 has a GUI which is more interesting and attractive, supports Plug and Play, supports naming long, has several facilities such as: integrated browser and Windows Explorer to browse the Windows. In addition, the Windows 95 features for managing power (APM) and also the introduction of the Client-Server.

The next generation of Windows 95 is a Windows 98 that Windows 98 already supports AGP-based VGA, and supports compact storage media such as USB, the introduction of NAT to share Internet connections and replaces the Virtual Device Drivers with Windows Driver Model. There are also some additional features such as Microsoft Office applications and Internet Explorer version 5. Windows 98 also has the capabilities to play games and run multimedia applications.

Subsequent developments is Windows ME, there is nothing special about Windows ME other than graphics support the transition from 16-Bit to 32-Bit Windows ME and the era of many home users who use it. Windows ME was akhrinya replaced with Windows NT that supports Arsitekstur x86 (80 × 86), Intel IA64 and AMD64 (x64) and 32-Bit graphics support. Windows NT was actually built on the development of the IBM OS / 2 and Windows NT are also widely used in computer networks. Windows NT also introduced the NTFS File System better than FAT or FAT-32.

Furthermore, Windows NT Windows 2000 evolved into many additional features including: Active Directory, Image Preview, Browser Internet Explorer v6, DirectX and Open GL, Plug and Play and Windows Driver Model better performance than before. After generations of Windows NT munculah Windows XP that offers a lot of changes, has many more features and performance mengingkat. You could say Windows XP is Windows the most in demand and loved by the users PC and mobile PC devices (Mobile). Along with the need for networking then Microsoft Corporation issued the Operating System that concentrates on the network, namely: Windows Server 2003. You could say Windows Server 2003 is a reincarnation of Windows NT.

Lots of features offered in Windows Server 2003 is one of them is the introduction of the .Net platform. Introduced also features Domain Controller Server, PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) Server, Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), Microsoft IIS, and so forth. Microsoft continued development of operating system with Windows Vista (Longhorn), this is a revolution of Windows XP. Windows Vista prefer the interface or graphical appearance of the interface compared with the performance, as evidenced by the features: AERO, Sidebar, and so forth.

Windows Vista also offers a better level of security compared with Windows XP, because in Windows Vista introduced the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, Windows Defender, Parental Control, User Account Control (UAC), BitLocker Drive Encryption, ASLR. Windows Vista also already familiar with IPv6, the latest version of DirectX, and Arsitekstur 64-Bit. The next development is the transition from Windows Server 2003 to Windows Home Server are designated as File Server for the home. Windows Server also introduces several technologies namely: Headless Operation (Server does not require a monitor or keyboard for memanjemen devices), remote controls, health monitoring computers, Sharing and Streaming.

The next generation is characterized by the emergence of incorporation Operating System Windows Vista with Windows Server, namely Windows Server 2008. Features Windows Vista and Windows Server combined into a single unified to improve the safety and comfort of End-User. Further developing Windows Server 2008 to Windows Server 2008 R2. The latest version is made by the Windows Operating System is Windows 7, Windows 7 was released to replace the deficient Windows XP and Windows Vista excess. Arguably if Windows 7 is the fusion of Windows XP and Windows Vista, unlike in Windows Vista, Windows 7 has better performance than Windows Vista.

UNIX

UNIX is an operating system created by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, was developed by AT & T Bell Labs. UNIX Operating System is designed as a portable, multi-tasking and multi-user. UNIX operating systems, more emphasis himself on Workstation and Server, Because of high availability and compatibility causes UNIX can be used, copied and modified so that UNIX was developed by many people and caused a lot of variants of this UNIX.

UNIX itself was written in C language so that UNIX was similar to DOS that Line / Text Command Based on the other hand was a UNIX Operating Systems secure than other operating systems, because every file, directory, user and group has its own set of permissions to access. Because of the support of the GNU Project, we then developed into the UNIX LINUX (One variant of UNIX).

LINUX

Originally developed by Linus Torvalds, who initially required a terminal emulation to access a UNIX server at his university. Linux is a clone of MINIX (One variant of UNIX), system equipment and libraries usually come from the GNU Operating System. Linux has a lot of design derived from the basic design of UNIX, Linux uses Monolithic Kernel The Linux kernel handles that prosses control, networking, peripherals, and file system access. Just like UNIX, Linux can be controlled by one or more command-line interface (Command Line Interface / CLI) text-based, graphical user interface (Graphical User Interface / GUI), which is the default configuration for dektop version.

On the computer desktop, GNOME, KDE and Xfce are the most popular user interface user interface variants among others. A Linux system provides a command line interface through a shell (console). The main difference between Linux and other popular operating system is located on the Linux kernel and its components are free and open. Just like on UNIX, Linux Workstation and Server concentrate on many workstations and servers that rely on Linux because Linux is very stable used for a longer period and Linux is immune to malware.

One thing that distinguishes Linux to other operating system is the price. Linux is mostly Free price although some are paid (license). Linux can be distributed without having to give royalties to someone. Linux Operating System is based on POSIX standards derived from UNIX itself. There are several kinds of Linux distributions, such as Debian, Lycoris, Xandros, Lindows, Linare, Linux-Mandrake, Red Hat Linux, Slackware, Knoppix, Fedora, Suse, Ubuntu.

IBM OS/2

Operating Systems IBM OS / 2 was made jointly by the International Bussiness Machines Corporation and Microsoft Corporation, for use on IBM computers as a replacement for the DOS Operating System. Said OS / 2 stands for Operating System / 2 operating system is designed to be able to use the full capabilities of the microprocessor Intel 80286, including the mode protected (Protected Mode), able to run tasks simultaneously, and supports Virtual Memory, by maintaining many software compatibility with MS-DOS in circulation at that time

MAC OS (MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEM)

MAC OS or Macintosh Operating System is the Operating System by Apple Computer made specifically for Macintosh computers and is not compatible with IBM-based computer. MAC OS is the first operating system that uses a graphical user interface (GUI).


The Macintosh operating system is divided into 2 types:


1. MAC OS Classic

Does not have any command line (command line), using the User Interface (UI) completely and use the Cooperative Multitasking

2. MAC OS X

MAC OS X include elements of BSD Unix, One Step, and MAC OS X has Unix-style memory and pre-emptive multitasking.

Excess MAC OS:

1. Stable, because it uses UNIX.

2. Multitasking

3. Display (UI) is very nice.

4. Safe from Malware.

MAC OS X is a line of computer operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc., MAC OS X is the successor of the MAC OS (Classic). MAC OS X is built on XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface.

SOLARIS

Solaris Operating System is an Operating System that is based on the UNIX system that allowed by Sun Microsystems in 1992 as a supporter oada SunOS. Solaris is famous because of its stability, especially on systems SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture), Solaris certified in UNIX Specification although at the beginning of its development based on private property, and most of the code is essentially now an OpenSource Software that is commonly known as OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris is the OpenSource version of Sun Solaris Operating System, but Sun Solaris consists of over some code that not only the core of the operating system for example: Source to Installer, Desktop Software.

Open Solaris has many features that make OpenSolaris can be used for large-scale use, ranging from the use of a desktop PC to Mobile PC. The concept of Open Solaris is as follows:

1. Free Redistribution: Distributed freely.

2. Source Code: Source (Source) should be available for all distributions.

3. Derived Works: Each person can change the code and mendisrtibusikan back.

4. No Discrimination: The code must be provided for a person to develop.

OpenSolaris several advantages compared to other Operating Systems:

1. ZFS: System Restore.

2. DTrace L: Can observe where applications using a lot of time and how long.

3. Failure Management: Prevent, diagnose and correct errors.

4. Zone: Implementing an operating system abstraction that allows multiple applications to run in isolation from one another on the same physical hardware.

5. Multimedia.

FREE BSD

FreeBSD is a free Unix-type operating system derived from AT & T UNIX. FreeBSD runs on top intel x86 systems. FreeBSD itself first appeared in 1993 by David Greenman. The goal of FreeBSD is to provide software that can be used for various purposes. FreeBSD itself developed from 386BSD a BSD OS development project that runs on Intel chips.

Chrome OS

Chrome OS is Google's operating system that is lightweight and based on Linux and the web standard for personal computer PC. Google Chrome works with Windowing method or switching (Multi-Tasking). Google Chrome OS using HTML 5 web standard, which is the development of software in the browser-based operating system. If seen look, Chrome OS is a combination of Linux and Windows Vista. Chrome OS was released in mid-2010.

Lots of various Kinds of Computer Operating System continues to grow, there is no perfect operating system for each operating system has its own characteristics and power. Although there is the Operating System that is paid, why do not we try Operating Systems Free or free? Free does not mean bad, good or bad an operating system depends on the end user should own. So we must be careful in choosing the operating system being used.